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Philippine � American War

Philippine-American War
The Battle of Manila, February 1899.
Military Conflict
ConflictPhilippine-American War
DateFilipino Rebellion: June 2, 1899 � July 4, 1902 
Moro Rebellion: 1899 � 1913
LocationPhilippines, Southeast Asia
ResultUnited States victory and dissolution of the First Philippine Republic.
Territorial
changes		United States colonize the Philippines.
Philippines First Philippine Republic
Katipunan
Philippines Pulajanes
Sultanate of Sulu
Philippines Moro
United States
Philippine Constabulary
Philippines Emilio Aguinaldo
Philippines Miguel Malvar
Philippines Manuel Tinio
Arcadio Maxilom
Macario Sakay
Philippines Dionisio Seguela
Sultan of Sulu
United States William McKinley
United States Theodore Roosevelt
United States Elwell Otis
United States Arthur MacArthur
United States John Pershing
United States Jacob Smith
80,000-1,200,000 
~126,000 total
~24,000 to ~44,000 field strength
~12,000 � 20,000 killed
4,165 killed (about 75% from disease), ~3,000 wounded; 2,000 Philippine Constabulary killed or wounded
Filipino civilian dead: ~200,000 to 1,500,000

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The Philippine � American War, also known as the Philippine War of Independence or the Philippine Insurrection (1899 � 1902), was an armed conflict between a group of Filipino revolutionaries and the United States which arose from the struggle of the First Philippine Republic to gain independence following annexation by the United States. The war was part of a series of conflicts in the Philippine struggle for independence, preceded by the Philippine Revolution and the Spanish-American War.

Fighting erupted between U.S. and Philippine revolutionary forces on February 4, 1899, and quickly escalated into the 1899 Battle of Manila. On June 2, 1899, the First Philippine Republic officially declared war against the United States. The war officially ended on July 4, 1902. However, members of the Katipunan society continued to battle the American forces. Among them was General Macario Sacay, a veteran Katipunan member who assumed the presidency of the proclaimed Tagalog Republic, formed in 1902 after the capture of President Aguinaldo. Other groups, including the Moro people and Pulahanes, continued hostilities until their defeat at the Battle of Bud Bagsak on June 15, 1913.

Opposition to the war inspired Mark Twain to found the Anti-Imperialist League on June 15, 1898. British poet Rudyard Kipling wrote The White Man's Burden, about colonialism. The war and occupation by the United States would change the cultural landscape of the islands, as the people dealt with an estimated 34,000 - 1,000,000 casualties, disestablishment of the Catholic Church as the state religion, and the introduction of the English language as the primary language of government and some businesses. In 1916, the United States granted the Philippines autonomy and promised eventual self-government, which came in 1934. In 1946, following World War II, the United States recognized Philippine Independence through the Treaty of Manila.

Philippine-American War Video

Philippine American War images
9.08 min. | 4.64 user rating		 The Battle of Leyte Gulf, also called the "Battles for Leyte Gulf", and formerly known as the "Second Battle of the Philippine Sea", is generally considered to be the largest naval battle of World War II and also one of the largest naval battles in history. It was fought in waters near the Philippine islands of Leyte, Samar, and Luzon, from 23 to 26 October 1944, between naval and naval-air forces of the Allies and those of the Empire of Japan. On 20 October, United States troops invaded the island of Leyte as part of a strategy aimed at isolating Japan from the countries it had occupied in South East Asia, and in particular depriving its forces and industry of vital oil supplies. The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) mobilized nearly all of its remaining major naval vessels in an attempt to defeat the Allied invasion, but was repulsed by the US Navy's 3rd and 7th Fleets. The IJN failed to achieve its objective, suffered very heavy losses, and never afterwards sailed to battle in comparable force. The majority of its surviving heavy ships, deprived of petroleum fuel, remained in their bases for the rest of the Pacific War. The Battle of Leyte Gulf included four major naval battles: the Battle of the Sibuyan Sea, the Battle of Surigao Strait, the Battle off Cape Engaño and the Battle off Samar, as well as other actions. The Battle of Leyte Gulf is also notable as the first battle in which Japanese aircraft carried out organized kamikaze attacks. Also worth noting is the fact <b>...</b>
9.88 min. | 4.63 user rating		 Japanese shortcomings: Meanwhile, as a result of her participation in the Battle of the Coral Sea, the Japanese carrier Zuikaku was in port in Kure, awaiting a replacement air group. That there were none immediately available was a failure of the IJN crew training program, which already showed signs of being unable to replace losses. Instructors from the Yokosuka Air Corps were employed in an effort to make up the shortfall. The heavily damaged ShÅkaku had suffered three bomb hits at Coral Sea, and required months of repair in drydock. Despite the likely availability of sufficient aircraft between the two ships to re-equip Zuikaku with a composite air group, the Japanese made no serious attempt to get her into the forthcoming battle. Consequently, Admiral Nagumo would only have four fleet carriers: Kaga and Akagi forming Carrier Division 1; HiryÅ« and SÅryÅ« as Carrier Division 2. At least part of this was a product of fatigue; Japanese carriers had been constantly on operations since 7 December 1941, including raids on Darwin and Colombo. The main Japanese strike aircraft to be used were the Aichi D3A1 dive bomber and the Nakajima B5N2, which was capable of being used either as a torpedo bomber or as a level attack bomber. The main carrier fighter was the fast and highly maneuverable Mitsubishi A6M2 Zero. However, the carriers of the Kido Butai were suffering from a shortage of frontline aircraft. For various reasons, production of the D3A had been drastically reduced <b>...</b>
7.98 min. | 5.0 user rating		 The Battle of Peleliu, codenamed Operation Stalemate II, was fought between the United States and the Empire of Japan in the Pacific Theater of World War II, from September to November 1944 on the island of Peleliu, present-day Palau. US forces (originally consisting of only the 1st Marine Division, but later relieved by the Army's 81st Infantry Division), fought to capture an airstrip on the small coral island. Major General William Rupertus, commander of 1st Marine Division, predicted the island would be secured within four days. However, due to Japan's well-crafted fortifications and stiff resistance, the battle lasted over two months. It remains one of the war's most controversial because of the island's questionable strategic value and the very high death toll. Considering the number of men involved, Peleliu had the highest casualty rate of any battle in the Pacific War. The National Museum of the Marine Corps called it "the bitterest battle of the war for the Marines". By the summer of 1944, victories in the Southwest and Central Pacific had brought the war closer to Japan, with American bombers able to strike at the Japanese main islands. There was disagreement among the US Joint Chiefs over two proposed strategies to defeat the Japanese Empire. The strategy proposed by General Douglas MacArthur called for the recapture of the Philippines, followed by the capture of Okinawa, then an attack on the Japanese mainland. Admiral Chester Nimitz favored a more direct <b>...</b>
7.37 min. | 5.0 user rating		 The campaigns of August 1942 to early 1944 had driven Japanese forces from many of their island bases in the south and central Pacific Ocean, while isolating many of their other bases (most notably in the Solomon Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, Admiralty Islands, New Guinea, Marshall Islands, and Wake Island), and in June 1944, a series of American amphibious landings supported by the US Fifth Fleet's Fast Carrier Task Force captured most of the Mariana Islands (bypassing Rota). This offensive breached Japan's strategic inner defense ring and gave the Americans a base from which long-range B-29 Superfortress bombers could attack the Japanese home islands. The Japanese counterattacked in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. The US Navy destroyed three Japanese aircraft carriers (and damaged other ships) and approximately 600 Japanese aircraft, leaving the IJN with virtually no carrier-borne airpower or experienced pilots. For subsequent operations, Admiral Ernest J. King and other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff favored blockading Japanese forces in the Philippines and attacking Formosa to give the Americans and Australians control of the sea routes between Japan and southern Asia. US Army General Douglas MacArthur championed an invasion of the Philippines, which also lay across the supply lines to Japan. Leaving the Philippines in Japanese hands would be a blow to American prestige and an affront to the personal honor of MacArthur, who in 1942 had famously pronounced, "I <b>...</b>
9.93 min. | 4.8 user rating
The Battle of Peleliu, codenamed Operation Stalemate II, was fought between the United States and the Empire of Japan in the Pacific Theater of World War II, from September to November 1944 on the island of Peleliu, present-day Palau. US forces (originally consisting of only the 1st Marine Division, but later relieved by the Army's 81st Infantry Division), fought to capture an airstrip on the small coral island. Major General William Rupertus, commander of 1st Marine Division, predicted the island would be secured within four days. However, due to Japan's well-crafted fortifications and stiff resistance, the battle lasted over two months. It remains one of the war's most controversial because of the island's questionable strategic value and the very high death toll. Considering the number of men involved, Peleliu had the highest casualty rate of any battle in the Pacific War. The National Museum of the Marine Corps called it "the bitterest battle of the war for the Marines". By the summer of 1944, victories in the Southwest and Central Pacific had brought the war closer to Japan, with American bombers able to strike at the Japanese main islands. There was disagreement among the US Joint Chiefs over two proposed strategies to defeat the Japanese Empire. The strategy proposed by General Douglas MacArthur called for the recapture of the Philippines, followed by the capture of Okinawa, then an attack on the Japanese mainland. Admiral Chester Nimitz favored a more direct <b>...</b>
7.87 min. | 5.0 user rating		 Governor Clyde Roark Hoey of Shelby selected his daughter, Miss Isabel Young Hoey, as NORTH CAROLINAs sponsor. On 13 June 1940, an estimated crowd of 15000 watched Miss Hoey christen the first new battleship in 16 years. On 9 April 1941 Orders were read, the colors and the commissioning pennant were raised, the first watch set, and the USS NORTH CAROLINA was officially accepted by the Navy. Being America's first new battleship in 16 years, NORTH CAROLINA's commissioning on 9 April 1941, received incredible international news coverage. Displacement: 36600 tons standard / 44800 tons full load. The first commissioned of the US Navy's new fast, heavily-armed (16 inch gunned) battleships, the North Carolina received so much attention during her fitting out and trials that she won the enduring nickname "Showboat". During the Battle of the Eastern Solomons in August 1942, USS North Carolina was assigned to escort the carriers USS Enterprise and USS Saratoga. Her superior performance during this action proved the concept of the fast battle ship providing antiaircraft coverage for the carrier. Her antiaircraft fire was so intense that USS Enterprise signaled her in alarm, "Are you afire?" Central Pacific campaigns, 194344: During the assault and capture of the Marshall Islands, North Carolina illustrated the classic battleship functions of World War II. She screened carriers from air attack in pre-invasion strikes as well as during close air support of troops ashore, beginning <b>...</b>
8.53 min. | 4.8 user rating		 The Battle of Midway is widely regarded as the most important naval battle of the Pacific Campaign of World War II. Between 4 and 7 June 1942, approximately one month after the Battle of the Coral Sea and six months after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States Navy decisively defeated an Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) attack against Midway Atoll, inflicting irreparable damage on the Japanese. The Japanese operation, like the earlier attack on Pearl Harbor, aimed to eliminate the United States as a strategic power in the Pacific, thereby giving Japan a free hand in establishing its Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. It was hoped another demoralizing defeat would force the US to negotiate an end to the Pacific War on conditions favorable to Japan. The Japanese plan was to lure the United States' few remaining aircraft carriers into a trap. The Japanese also intended to occupy Midway Atoll as part of an overall plan to extend their defensive perimeter in response to the Doolittle Raid. This operation was considered preparatory for further attacks against Fiji and Samoa. The plan was handicapped by faulty Japanese assumptions of American reaction and poor initial dispositions. Most significantly, American codebreakers were able to determine the date and location of the attack, enabling the forewarned US Navy to set up an ambush of its own. Four Japanese aircraft carriers and a heavy cruiser were sunk in exchange for one American aircraft carrier and a destroyer <b>...</b>
7.68 min. | 5.0 user rating		 The loss of the Marianas during the northern summer of 1944 greatly increased the importance of the Ogasawaras for the Japanese, who were well aware that the loss of these islands would facilitate American air raids against the home islands, disrupting war manufacturing and severely damaging civilian morale. Final Japanese plans for the defense of the Ogasawaras were overshadowed by the fact that the Imperial Japanese Navy had already lost most of its strength and could no longer prevent American landings. Moreover, aircraft losses throughout 1944 had been so heavy that, even if war production were not affected by American air attacks, combined Japanese air strength was not expected to increase to 3000 aircraft until March or April 1945. Even then, these planes could not be used from bases in the home islands against Iwo Jima because their range did not exceed 900 km (560 mi); besides, all available aircraft had to be hoarded for possible use on Taiwan and adjacent islands near land bases. Daily bomber raids from the Marianas hit the mainland as part of Operation Scavenger. Iwo Jima served as an early warning station which radioed reports of incoming bombers back to mainland Japan, allowing Japanese air defenses to be prepared for the arrival of American bombers. At the end of the Battle of Leyte in the Philippines the Allies were left with a two month lull in their operations prior to the planned invasion of Okinawa. Iwo Jima was strategically important: it provided an <b>...</b>
7.88 min. | 5.0 user rating		 Impact: The battle has often been called "the turning point of the Pacific". However, the Japanese continued to try to advance in the South Pacific, and it was many more months before the US moved from a state of naval parity to one of increasingly clear supremacy, so Midway by itself did not change the direction of the war in the same sense as Salamis or Tsushima. Nonetheless, Midway was the Allies' first major victory against the Japanese, and, along with the earlier inconclusive Battle of Coral Sea, it blunted Japan's strategic initiative and robbed them of their offensive capability. It paved the way for the following campaigns around the Solomon Islands and Guadalcanal, which would see the Allies prevail after a prolonged attrition in combined arms and take the offensive in the Pacific War. The battle showed the worth of pre-war naval cryptologic training and efforts. These efforts continued and were expanded throughout the war in both the Pacific and Atlantic theaters. Successes were numerous and significant. For instance, the shooting down of Admiral Yamamoto's airplane was only possible because of navy cryptanalysis. The Battle of Midway permanently damaged the Japanese Navy's striking power, and the loss of operational capability during this critical phase of the campaign ultimately proved decisive. In particular, the battle inflicted irreparable damage on the Japanese carrier force, such that they could no longer put together a large number of fleet carriers <b>...</b>
7.30 min. | 5.0 user rating

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SFPCG joins commemoration of The Fall of Bataan - Asianjournal.com Tweet this news
Asianjournal.com--The ceremony, which was also held in commemoration of POW Recognition Day, was organized by the American Legion Bataan Post 600, the West Bay Pilipino Multi-Service Center, One World Institute, and the Federation of -Philippine American- - Date : Wed, 20 Apr 2011 18:26:29 GMT+00:00
Filipinos to reconnect in a Time Capsule - Asianjournal.com Tweet this news
Asianjournal.com--The contents will feature the national advocacy for Filipino WWII veterans and the -Philippine American War- forum that produced the historic Plaque first shown to the public on June 12, 2010 in front of a monument that glorified a naval - Date : Thu, 28 Apr 2011 19:54:47 GMT+00:00
Carino: Tourist at Home - Sun.Star Tweet this news
Sun.Star---...- to the gang that the history of John Hay, the place, is as the site where American soldiers camped, over the property of one Mateo Cariño, when they were in pursuit of Philippine Republicans in 1898, in the context of a -Philippine-Americ - Date : Sat, 07 May 2011 02:09:39 GMT+00:00
Feature: The Virtue of Valor and the Filipino Veteran - Philippine Information Agency Tweet this news
Philippine Information Agency--They are recurrent figures in some significant events that mark the history of the Philippines and the world�from the time of Philippine revolution against Spain to the -Philippine-American War-, World War II, Korean War, an - Date : Tue, 05 Apr 2011 07:43:57 GMT+00:00
The Summers of Mrs. Brown - Asianjournal.com Tweet this news
Asianjournal.com---...- he was with the first batch of American educators to be sent to the Philippines to establish an American-style public education system, a cornerstone of General Arthur MacArthur's pacification campaign during the -Philippine A - Date : Sat, 09 Apr 2011 08:35:01 GMT+00:00
6 Myths About Obama's Libya Policy - U.S. News & World Report (blog) Tweet this news
U.S. News & World Report (blog)--These include instances in which the United States fought in Korea 1950, the -Philippine-American War- from 1898-1903, and in Nicaragua in 1927. [See photos of the unrest in Libya.] Then where was the outrage when we d - Date : Wed, 23 Mar 2011 15:17:38 GMT+00:00
Images Festival of Experimental Film and Video - Toronto Star Tweet this news
Toronto Star--Established at the end of the 19th century after the -Philippine-American war-, the Clark base evolved as a US military stronghold until 1991, when it was turned over to house refugees from the devastating volcanic eruption of Mount Pinatubo - Date : Thu, 31 Mar 2011 15:31:24 GMT+00:00
House OKs additional burial aid for war vets - GMANews.TV Tweet this news
GMANews.TV--The measure covers persons who rendered military service to the country during the revolution against Spain, the -Philippine-American War-, World War II, the Korean Campaign, the Vietnam Campaign, and the Anti-Dissidence Campaign, among others - Date : Tue, 08 Mar 2011 10:22:44 GMT+00:00
Online only: Dear professor Spechler - Indiana Daily Student Tweet this news
Indiana Daily Student--American concentration camps in the -Philippine-American War-, Woodrow Wilson's invasion of Haiti to protect the interests of American corporations, the 1014 plane raid on civilian targets in Japan as the “finale” to World - Date : Wed, 16 Feb 2011 05:57:30 GMT+00:00
Girl Sports At Stevens, Film Maker Has New Project, Menendez Challenged By ... - Patch Tweet this news
Patch--Fresh off his trip to the Philippines to shoot his film Amigo about the early 20th century -Philippine-American- guerrilla -war-, Hoboken based screenwriter and ... - Date : Tue, 25 Jan 2011 19:22:06 GMT+00:00

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