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Qing Armies fighting the Eight-Nation Alliance (British and Japanese soldiers depicted)
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| Conflict | The Boxer Rebellion|image= | | Date | Fall 1899 � 7 September 1901 | | Location | Northern China | | Result | Alliance victory | Eight-Nation Alliance (ordered by contribution):
Empire of Japan
Russian Empire
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
France France
United States
German Empire
Austria-Hungary
Kingdom of Italy
---- | | Yihetuan flag.png Righteous Harmony Society
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Qing Dynasty | Russian Empire Nikolai Petrovich Linevich
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Sir Edward Seymour, Claude Maxwell MacDonald, Alfred Gaselee
German Empire Alfred Graf von Waldersee
Empire of Japan Fukushima Yasumasa
United States William McKinley, Adna Chaffee | Qing Dynasty Ci Xi
Qing Dynasty Zaiyi, Prince Duan
Qing Dynasty Ronglu
Qing Dynasty Yuan Shikai
Qing Dynasty Nie Shicheng
Qing Dynasty Ma Yukun
Qing Dynasty Song Qing
Qing Dynasty Dong Fuxiang
Qing Dynasty Ma Anliang
Qing Dynasty Ma Fulu
Qing Dynasty Ma Fuxiang
Qing Dynasty Ma Fuxing
Qing Dynasty Ma Haiyan
Qing Dynasty Ma Qi
Qing Dynasty Ma Lin
Qing Dynasty Colonel Yao Wang
| Yihetuan flag.png Cao Futian
Yihetuan flag.png Ni Zanqing
| 50,255 total (Expeditionary Force)
Russian Empire 100,000 Russian troops for Manchurian Occupation
United States 2,500 Marines and sailors | Qing Dynasty 70,000 Imperial troops
Qing Dynasty including 10,000 Muslim Kansu Braves
Qing Dynasty several thousand Manchu Bannermen of the Tiger and Divine Corps (loyal to Prince Duan)
| | Yihetuan flag.png 100,000 � 300,000 Boxers | 2,500 soldiers
526 foreigners
several thousand Chinese Christians | | 20,000 Imperial troops | | Civilians: 18,952 and up |
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The Boxer Rebellion, also called The Boxer Uprising by some historians or the Righteous Harmony Society Movement in northern China, was a proto-nationalist movement by the "Righteous Harmony Society" (義和團 - Yìhétuán), or "Righteous Fists of Harmony" or "Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists" (known as "Boxers" in English), in China between 1898 and 1901, opposing foreign imperialism and Christianity. The uprising took place in response to foreign "spheres of influence" in China, with grievances ranging from opium traders, political invasion, economic manipulation, to missionary evangelism. In China, popular sentiment remained resistant to foreign influences, and anger rose over the "unequal treaties" (不平等條約), which the weak Qing state could not resist. There existed growing concerns that missionaries and Chinese Christians could use this decline to their advantage, appropriating lands and property of unwilling Chinese peasants to give to the church. This sentiment resulted in violent revolts against foreign interests.
In June 1900 in Beijing, Boxer fighters threatened foreigners and forced them to seek refuge in the Legation Quarter. In response, the initially hesitant Empress Dowager Cixi, urged by the conservatives of the Imperial Court, supported the Boxers and declared war on foreign powers. Diplomats, foreign civilians and soldiers, and Chinese Christians in the Legation Quarter were under siege by the Imperial Army of China and the Boxers for 55 days. The Chinese government equivocated between destroying the foreigners in the Legation Quarter and extending olive branches. Clashes were reported between Chinese factions favoring war and those favoring conciliation, the latter led by Prince Qing. The supreme commander of the Chinese forces, Ronglu, claimed three years later that he acted to protect the besieged foreigners. The siege was raised when the Eight-Nation Alliance brought 20,000 armed troops to China, defeated the Imperial Army, and captured Beijing. The Boxer Protocol of 7 September 1901 ended the uprising and provided for severe punishments, including an indemnity of 67 million pounds (450 million taels of silver), more than the government's annual tax revenue, to be paid as indemnity over a course of thirty-nine years to the eight nations involved.
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