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The dialect of Serbian serving as the basis for the main literary and standard language is Shtokavian, also the basis for standard Croatian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin. In particular, Serbian is standardized around Šumadija-Vojvodina and Eastern Herzegovinian subdialects of Shtokavian. The other principal dialect, Torlakian, is spoken in southeast Serbia, and it is disputed as to whether it is a Serbian dialect or transitional to Macedonian and Bulgarian. Serbian is the only European language with active digraphia, using both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was devised in 1814 by Serbian linguist Vuk Karadžić, who created the alphabet on phonemic principles. The Latin alphabet was designed by Croatian linguist Ljudevit Gaj in 1830 and is used by the other standard forms of Serbo-Croatian. |