Malcolm X

Malcolm X, March 1964

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Malcolm X ( ; May 19, 1925 - February 21, 1965), born Malcolm Little and also known as El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz ( ), was an African-American Muslim minister, public speaker, and human rights activist. To his admirers, he was a courageous advocate for the rights of African Americans, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans. His detractors accused him of preaching racism, black supremacy, antisemitism, and violence. He has been described as one of the greatest, and most influential, African Americans in history.

Malcolm X was born in Omaha, Nebraska. The events of his childhood, including his father's lessons concerning black pride and self-reliance, and his own experiences concerning race, played a significant role in Malcolm X's adult life. By the time he was thirteen, his father had died and his mother had been committed to a mental hospital. After living in a series of foster homes, Malcolm X became involved in hustling and other criminal activities in Boston and New York. In 1946, Malcolm X was sentenced to eight to ten years in prison.

While in prison, Malcolm X became a member of the Nation of Islam. After his parole in 1952, he became one of the Nation's leaders and chief spokesmen. For nearly a dozen years, he was the public face of the Nation of Islam. Tension between Malcolm X and Elijah Muhammad, head of the Nation of Islam, led to Malcolm X's departure from the organization in March 1964.

After leaving the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X became a Sunni Muslim and made a pilgrimage to Mecca, after which he disavowed racism. He traveled extensively throughout Africa and the Middle East. He founded Muslim Mosque, Inc., a religious organization, and the secular, Pan-Africanist, Organization of Afro-American Unity. Less than a year after he left the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X was assassinated by three members of the group while giving a speech in New York.

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African American topics

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African-American Civil Rights Movement

Topics and events (timeline)		Albany Movement * Birmingham campaign * Black Power * Brown v. Board of Education * Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church * Chicago Open Housing Movement * Civil Rights Act of 1964 * Civil Rights Act of 1968 * Dexter Avenue Baptist Church * Emmett Till * Freedom Riders * Mississippi Freedom Summer * Greensboro sit-ins * Greyhound Bus Station (Montgomery, Alabama) * Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections * Little Rock Nine * March on Washington * Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party * Montgomery Bus Boycott * Nashville sit-ins * Poor People's Campaign * Selma Voting Rights Movement * 1963 16th Street Baptist Church bombing * Twenty-fourth Amendment * Voting Rights Act of 1965
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Black Panther Party

Founding members		Huey P. Newton, Bobby Seale
Influences		Black Power, Malcolm X, Robert F. Williams, Frantz Fanon, Karl Marx, Communism, Maoism
Programs		Free Breakfast for Children
Panthers convicted of murder		Angola 3, Mumia Abu-Jamal, H. Rap Brown, Warren Kimbro, Lonnie McLucas, Geronimo Pratt, George W. Sams, Jr., Assata Shakur
Panthers killed by police		Mark Clark, Fred Hampton, Bobby Hutton, Carl Hampton
Other notable members		Ashanti Alston, Richard Aoki, Charles Barron, Elaine Brown, William Lee Brent, Stokely Carmichael, Bunchy Carter, Eldridge Cleaver, Kathleen Neal Cleaver, Angela Davis, Aaron Dixon, Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin, Billy Garland, David Hilliard, George Jackson, Jamal Joseph, Chaka Khan, Robert Hillary King, Pete O'Neal, Larry Pinkney, Malik Rahim, Nile Rodgers, Bobby Rush, Afeni Shakur, Robert Trivers, Mark Essex
Other		New Black Panther Party