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Mexico

Mexico
General information
Common nameMexico
Local name{{native name|es|Estados Unidos Mexicanos }}
Name{{native name|es|Estados Unidos Mexicanos 
Anthem"Himno Nacional Mexicano"
Mexican National Anthem
CapitalMexico City
Largest cityMexico City
Official languagesSpanish
Ethnic groups- Mestizo 70%
- White 15%
- Indigenous 9.8%
- Other 1%
DemonymMexican
Government
GovernmentFederal presidential
constitutional republic
PresidentFelipe Calderón (PAN)
Secretary of the InteriorJosé Francisco Blake Mora
Supreme Court PresidentJuan Silva Meza
LegislatureCongress
Upper HouseSenate
Lower HouseChamber of Deputies
IndependenceIndependence (from Spain)
DeclaredSeptember 16, 1810
RecognizedSeptember 27, 1821
Geography
Total Area761606 sq mi (1972559.5 km2) (14th)
Water %2.5
Demography
Population census112322757 (11th) (2010)
Density (pop.)54.8/km2 (142nd) (142/sq mi)
Economy
GDP PPP$1.629 trillion (2011) (11th)
GDP (PPP) per capita$15,113 (58th)
GDP (nominal)$1.041 trillion (2011) (13th)
GDP (nominal) per capita$9,489 (58th)
Other information
Gini51.6 (2008) (high)
HDI(+) 0.750 (2010) (high) (56th)
CurrencyPeso (MXN)
Time zoneOfficial Mexican Timezones (UTC−8 to −6)
- Summer (DST)varies (UTC−7 to −5)
Drives on theright
Internet TLD.mx
Calling code+52

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The United Mexican States ( ), commonly known as Mexico (pronounced c-enaudio=En-us-Mexico.oggˈmɛksɨkoʊ; -esˈme̞xiko̞es-mx-México, is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the thirteenth largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of over 112 million, it is the eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.

In Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica many cultures matured into advanced civilizations such as the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacan, the Zapotec, the Maya and the Aztec before the first contact with Europeans. In 1521, Spain conquered and colonized the territory from its base in México-Tenochtitlan, which was administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain. This territory would eventually become Mexico as the colony independence was recognized in 1821. The post-independence period was characterized by economic instability, the Mexican-American War and territorial cession to the United States, a civil war, two empires and a domestic dictatorship. The latter led to the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the country's current political system. Elections held in July 2000 marked the first time that an opposition party won the presidency from the Institutional Revolutionary Party.

Mexico has one of the world's largest economies, and is considered both a regional power and middle power. In addition, Mexico was the first Latin American member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD (since 1994), and a firmly established upper-middle income country. Mexico is considered a newly industrialized country and an emerging power. It has the thirteenth largest nominal GDP and the eleventh largest by purchasing power parity. The economy is strongly linked to those of its North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) partners, especially the United States. Mexico ranks fifth in the world and first in the Americas by number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites with 31, and in 2007 was the tenth most visited country in the world with 21.4 million international arrivals per year.


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