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Proto-Norse language

NameProto-Norse
RegionScandinavia
Extinctevolved into Old Norse from the 8th century
FamilycolorIndo-European
Fam2Germanic
Fam3North Germanic
ScriptElder Futhark
Iso2gem

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Proto-Norse (also Proto-Scandinavian, Primitive Norse, Proto-Nordic, Ancient Nordic, Old Scandinavian and Proto-North Germanic) was an Indo-European language spoken in Scandinavia that is thought to have evolved from Proto-Germanic over the first centuries AD. It is the earliest stage of a characteristically North Germanic language, and the language attested in the oldest Scandinavian Elder Futhark inscriptions, spoken ca. from the 3rd to 7th centuries (corresponding to the late Roman Iron Age and the early Germanic Iron Age). It evolved into the dialects of the Old Norse language at the beginning of the Viking Age.

Proto-Norse Video

topdocumentaryfilms.com Old English Beowulf lines 1 to 11, approximately AD 900 Hwæt! WÄ“ GÄr-Dena in geÄrdagum, þēodcyninga, þrym gefrÅ«non, hÅ« Ã°Ä Ã¦Ã¾elingas ellen fremedon. Oft Scyld ScÄ“fing sceaþena þrÄ“atum, monegum mÇ£gþum, meodosetla oftÄ“ah, egsode eorlas. Syððan Ç£rest wearð fÄ“asceaft funden, hÄ“ þæs frÅfre gebÄd, wÄ“ox under wolcnum, weorðmyndum þÄh, oðþæt him Ç£ghwylc þÄra ymbsittendra ofer hronrÄde hȳran scolde, gomban gyldan. Þæt wæs gÅd cyning! Which, as translated by Francis Gummere, means: Lo, praise of the prowess of people-kings of spear-armed Danes, in days long sped, we have heard, and what honor the athelings won! Oft Scyld the Scefing from squadroned foes, from many a tribe, the mead-bench tore, awing the earls. Since erst he lay friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he!
10.02 min. | 4.47 user rating

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Germanic languages * Germanic philology

Language subgroups
North * East * West
North * East * Elbe * Weser-Rhine * North Sea
Reconstructed
Proto-Germanic
Historical languages
NorthProto-Norse * Old Norse * Old Swedish * Old Gutnish * Norn * Greenlandic Norse * Old Norwegian
EastGothic * Crimean Gothic * Vandalic * Burgundian
WestOld Saxon * Middle Low German * Old High German * Middle High German * Old Frankish * Old Dutch * Middle Dutch * Old Frisian * Middle Frisian * Old English * Middle English * Early Scots * Middle Scots * Lombardic * Yola
Modern languages
Afrikaans * Alemannic * Danish * Dutch * English * Faroese * German * Gutnish * Icelandic * Limburgish * Low German * Luxembourgish * North Frisian * Norwegian * Saterland Frisian * Scots * Swedish * West Frisian * Yiddish
Diachronic features
Grimm's law * Verner's law * Holtzmann's law * Sievers' law * Germanic substrate hypothesis * West Germanic gemination * High German consonant shift * Germanic a-mutation * Germanic umlaut * Germanic spirant law * Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law * Great vowel shift
Synchronic features
Germanic verb * Germanic strong verb * Germanic weak verb * Preterite-present verb * Grammatischer Wechsel * Indo-European ablaut
Language histories
English (phonology) * Scots (phonology) * German * Dutch * Danish * Icelandic * Swedish



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