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Swedish language

NameSwedish
Nativenamesvenska
Pronunciation-svˈsvɛ̂nskâ
States
Sweden (9.4 million)
Finland (290,000)
US (70,000)
Spain (40,000)
United Kingdom (30,000)
Canada (20,000)
RegionNorthern Europe, parts of USA and other countries.
Speakers~ 10 million
ScriptLatin (Swedish variant), Runic (until 13th century)
FamilycolorIndo-European
Fam2Germanic
Fam3North Germanic
Fam4East Scandinavian
Nation 
 
 
Nordic Council
AgencySwedish Language Council (in Sweden)
Research Institute for the Languages of Finland (in Finland)
Iso1sv|iso2=swe|iso3=swe|lingua=52-AAA-ck to -cw
MapcaptionMajor Swedish-speaking areas
NoticeIPA

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Swedish ( ) is a North Germanic language, spoken by approximately 10 million people, predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along its coast and on the Åland islands. It is, to a considerable extent, mutually intelligible with Norwegian and to a lesser extent with Danish (see especially "Classification"). Along with the other North Germanic languages, Swedish is a descendant of Old Norse, the common language of the Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the Viking Era. It is currently the largest of the North Germanic languages by numbers of speakers.

Standard Swedish, used by most Swedish people, is the national language that evolved from the Central Swedish dialects in the 19th century and was well established by the beginning of the 20th century. While distinct regional varieties descended from the older rural dialects still exist, the spoken and written language is uniform and standardized. Some dialects differ considerably from the standard language in grammar and vocabulary and are not always mutually intelligible with Standard Swedish. These dialects are confined to rural areas and are spoken primarily by small numbers of people with low social mobility. Though not facing imminent extinction, such dialects have been in decline during the past century, despite the fact that they are well researched and their use is often encouraged by local authorities.

The standard word order is subject � verb � object, though this can often be changed to stress certain words or phrases. Swedish morphology is similar to English; that is, words have comparatively few inflections. There are two genders, two grammatical cases, and a distinction between plural and singular. Older analyses posit the cases nominative and genitive and there are some remains of distinct accusative and dative forms as well. Adjectives are compared as in English, and are also inflected according to gender, number and definiteness. The definiteness of nouns is marked primarily through suffixes (endings), complemented with separate definite and indefinite articles. The prosody features both stress and in most dialects tonal qualities. The language has a comparatively large vowel inventory. Swedish is also notable for the voiceless dorso-palatal velar fricative, a highly variable consonant phoneme.


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