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Yarkant (Yarkand) County (lit. earthen city, probably referring to the earthen walls of the capital; altitude 1189 m (3900.9 ft), population 373,492 in 2003), is a county in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China, located on the southern rim of the Taklamakan desert in the Tarim Basin. It is one of 11 counties administered under Kashgar Prefecture. Yarkant, usually written Yarkand in English, was the seat of an ancient Buddhist kingdom on the southern branch of the Silk Road.
The fertile oasis is fed by the Yarkand River which flows north down from the Kunlun Mountains known historically as Congling mountains (lit. 'Onion Mountains' - from the abundance of wild onions found there). The oasis now covers 3210 km2 (1239.4 sqmi), but was likely far more extensive before the period of desiccation began to afflict the region from the 3rd century CE onwards.
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