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| Conflict | Indian rebellion of 1857 | | Date | 10 May 1857 - 1859 | | Location | India (cf. 1857) | | Result | Rebellion Suppressed,
End of Company rule in India
Control taken by the British Crown | Territorial
changes | British Indian Empire created out of former-East India Company territory, some land returned to native rulers, other land confiscated by the Crown. | Mughal Empire
East India Company Sepoy rebels
7 Indian princely states
* Gwalior Factions
* followers of Birjis Qadra - son of deposed King of Oudh
*forces of Rani Lakshmibai - deposed ruler of the independent state of Jhansi
*Some Indian civilians; notably retainers of talukdars (feudal landowners) of Oudh, and Muslim ghazis (religious fighters). | United Kingdom British Army
Loyalist East India Company Sepoys
Native Irregulars
and EIC British regulars
United Kingdom British civilian volunteers raised in Bengal presidency
21 Princely states
* Jaipur
* Bikaner
* Marwar
* Rampur
* Kapurthala
* Nabha
* Bhopal
* Sirohi
* Udaipur
* Patiala
* Sirmur
* Alwar
* Bharathpur
* Bundi
*Jaora
* Bijawar
* Ajaigarh
* Rewa
* Kendujhar
* Hyderabad
* Kashmir
Kingdom of Nepal
Other smaller states in region | Mughal Empire Bahadur Shah II
Nana Sahib
Mangal Pandey
Bakht Khan
Rani Lakshmi Bai
Tantya Tope
Begum Hazrat Mahal | Commander-in-Chief, India:
United Kingdom George Anson (to May 1857)
United Kingdom Sir Patrick Grant
United Kingdom Sir Colin Campbell (from August 1857)
Jang Bahadur |
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The Indian Rebellion of 1857 is also known as India's First War of Independence, the Great Rebellion, the Indian Mutiny, the Revolt of 1857, the Uprising of 1857, the Sepoy Rebellion and the Sepoy Mutiny. The rebellion began on 10 May 1857 in the town of Meerut when a group of sepoys, native soldiers employed by the British East India Company's army, mutinied because of perceived race-based injustices and inequities. The uprising was soon converted into insurrection or civilian rebellion against the company which was mainly centered on north central India along the several major river valleys draining the south face of the Himalayas [See red annotated locations on Map at right] but with local episodes extending both northwest to Peshawar on the north-west frontier with Afghanistan and southeast beyond Delhi.
The main conflict occurred largely in the upper Gangetic plain and central India, with the major hostilities confined to present-day Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, northern Madhya Pradesh, and the Delhi region. The rebellion posed a considerable threat to British East Indian Company power in that region, and it was contained only with the fall of Gwalior on 20 June 1858.[ Some regard the rebellion as the first of several movements over ninety years to achieve independence, which was finally achieved in 1947.]
Other regions of Company-controlled India-Bengal province, the Bombay Presidency, and the Madras Presidency-remained largely calm.[ In Punjab, the Sikh princes backed the Company by providing both soldiers and support.][ The large princely states, Hyderabad, Mysore, Travancore, and Kashmir, as well as the states of Rajputana did not join the rebellion. In some regions, such as Oudh, the rebellion took on the attributes of a patriotic revolt against European presence. Rebel leaders, such as the Rani of Jhansi, became folk heroes in the nationalist movement in India half a century later,][ however, they themselves "generated no coherent ideology" for a new order. The rebellion led to the dissolution of the East India Company in 1858, and forced the British to reorganize the army, the financial system, and the administration in India. India was thereafter directly governed by the Crown in the new British Raj.][ ]
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