Home | Military Conflict | Battle of Kursk
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The Germans hoped to shorten their lines by eliminating the Kursk salient (also known as the Kursk bulge), created in the aftermath of their defeat at the Battle of Stalingrad. They envisioned pincers breaking through its northern and southern flanks to achieve a great encirclement of Red Army forces. The Soviets, however, had intelligence of the German Army's intentions. This and German delays to wait for new weapons, mainly Tiger and Panther tanks, gave the Red Army time to construct a series of defense lines and gather large reserve forces for a strategic counterattack. Kursk as a whole demonstrated the failure of Blitzkrieg against a prepared, flexible, and multiply-redundant strategy of defense in depth. Well-advised months in advance that the attack would fall on the neck of the Kursk salient, the Soviets designed a system to slow, redirect, exhaust, and progressively attrit the powerful German panzer spearheads by forcing them to attack through a vast interconnected web of minefields, pre-sighted artillery fire zones, and concealed anti-tank strongpoints comprising eight progressively spaced defense lines 250 km deep - more than 10 times as deep as the Maginot Line - and featuring a greater than 1:1 ratio of anti-tank guns to attacking vehicles, it was by far the most extensive defensive works ever constructed. It eventually proved to be more than three times the depth necessary to contain the furthest extent of the German attack. When the German forces had exhausted themselves against the defences, the Soviets responded with their own counter-offensives, which allowed the Red Army to retake Orel and Belgorod on 5 August and Kharkov on 23 August, and push the Germans back across a broad front. Although the Red Army had had success in winter, this was the first successful strategic Soviet summer offensive of the war. The model strategic operation earned a place in war college curricula. The Battle of Kursk was the first battle in which a Blitzkrieg offensive had been defeated before it could break through enemy defences and into its strategic depths. |